OFAR-CM: Efficient Dragonfly networks with simple congestion management

Dragonfly networks are appealing topologies for large-scale Data center and HPC networks, that provide high throughput with low diameter and moderate cost. However, they are prone to congestion under certain frequent traffic patterns that saturate specific network links. Adaptive non-minimal routing can be used to avoid such congestion. That kind of routing employs longer paths to circumvent local or global congested links. However, if a distance-based deadlock avoidance mechanism is employed, more Virtual Channels (VCs) are required, what increases design complexity and cost. OFAR (On-the-Fly Adaptive Routing) is a previously proposed routing that decouples VCs from deadlock avoidance, making local and global misrouting affordable. However, the severity of congestion with OFAR is higher, as it relies on an escape sub network with low bisection bandwidth. Additionally, OFAR allows for unlimited misroutings on the escape sub network, leading to unbounded paths in the network and long latencies. In this paper we propose and evaluate OFAR-CM, a variant of OFAR combined with a simple congestion management (CM) mechanism which only relies on local information, specifically the credit count of the output ports in the local router. With simple escape sub networks such as a Hamiltonian ring or a tree, OFAR outperforms former proposals with distance-based deadlock avoidance. Additionally, although long paths are allowed in theory, in practice packets arrive at their destination in a small number of hops. Altogether, OFAR-CM constitutes the first practicable mechanism to the date that supports both local and global misrouting in Dragonfly networks.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. ERC-2012-Adg-321253- RoMoL, the Spanish Ministry of Science under contracts TIN2010-21291-C02-02, TIN2012-34557, and by the European HiPEAC Network of Excellence. M. García participated in this work while affiliated with the University of Cantabria.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Network unfairness in dragonfly topologies

Dragonfly networks arrange network routers in a two-level hierarchy, providing a competitive cost-performance solution for large systems. Non-minimal adaptive routing (adaptive misrouting) is employed to fully exploit the path diversity and increase the performance under adversarial traffic patterns. Network fairness issues arise in the dragonfly for several combinations of traffic pattern, global misrouting and traffic prioritization policy. Such unfairness prevents a balanced use of the resources across the network nodes and degrades severely the performance of any application running on an affected node. This paper reviews the main causes behind network unfairness in dragonflies, including a new adversarial traffic pattern which can easily occur in actual systems and congests all the global output links of a single router. A solution for the observed unfairness is evaluated using age-based arbitration. Results show that age-based arbitration mitigates fairness issues, especially when using in-transit adaptive routing. However, when using source adaptive routing, the saturation of the new traffic pattern interferes with the mechanisms employed to detect remote congestion, and the problem grows with the network size. This makes source adaptive routing in dragonflies based on remote notifications prone to reduced performance, even when using age-based arbitration.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Inferring modules of functionally interacting proteins using the Bond Energy Algorithm

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Non-homology based methods such as phylogenetic profiles are effective for predicting functional relationships between proteins with no considerable sequence or structure similarity. Those methods rely heavily on traditional similarity metrics defined on pairs of phylogenetic patterns. Proteins do not exclusively interact in pairs as the final biological function of a protein in the cellular context is often hold by a group of proteins. In order to accurately infer modules of functionally interacting proteins, the consideration of not only direct but also indirect relationships is required.</p> <p>In this paper, we used the Bond Energy Algorithm (<it>BEA</it>) to predict functionally related groups of proteins. With <it>BEA </it>we create clusters of phylogenetic profiles based on the associations of the surrounding elements of the analyzed data using a metric that considers linked relationships among elements in the data set.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using phylogenetic profiles obtained from the Cluster of Orthologous Groups of Proteins (<it>COG</it>) database, we conducted a series of clustering experiments using <it>BEA </it>to predict (upper level) relationships between profiles. We evaluated our results by comparing with <it>COG's </it>functional categories, And even more, with the experimentally determined functional relationships between proteins provided by the <it>DIP </it>and <it>ECOCYC </it>databases. Our results demonstrate that <it>BEA </it>is capable of predicting meaningful modules of functionally related proteins. <it>BEA </it>outperforms traditionally used clustering methods, such as <it>k</it>-means and hierarchical clustering by predicting functional relationships between proteins with higher accuracy.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study shows that the linked relationships of phylogenetic profiles obtained by <it>BEA </it>is useful for detecting functional associations between profiles and extending functional modules not found by traditional methods. <it>BEA </it>is capable of detecting relationship among phylogenetic patterns by linking them through a common element shared in a group. Additionally, we discuss how the proposed method may become more powerful if other criteria to classify different levels of protein functional interactions, as gene neighborhood or protein fusion information, is provided.</p

S-SMART++: A Low-Latency NoC Leveraging Speculative Bypass Requests

Many-core processors demand scalable, efficient and low latency NoCs. Bypass routers are an affordable solution to attain low latency in relatively simple topologies like the mesh. SMART improves on traditional bypass routers implementing multi-hop bypass which reduces the importance of the distance between pairs of nodes. Nevertheless, the conservative buffer reallocation policy of SMART requires a large number of Virtual Channels (VCs) to offer high performance, penalizing its implementation cost. Besides, SMART zero-load latency values highly depend on HPC Max HPCMax, the maximum number of hops that can be jumped per cycle. In this article, we present Speculative-SMART++ (S-SMART++), with two mechanisms that significantly improve multi-hop bypass. First, zero-load latency is reduced by speculatively setting consecutive multi-hops. Second, the inefficient buffer reallocation policy of SMART is reduced by combining multi-packet buffers, Non-Empty Buffer Bypass and per-packet allocation. These proposals are evaluated using functional simulation, with synthetic and real loads, and synthesis tools. S-SMART++ does not need VCs to obtain the performance of SMART with 8 VCs, reducing notably logic resources and dynamic power. Additionally, S-SMART++ reduces the base-latency of SMART by at least 29.2 percent, even when using the biggest HPC Max HPCMax possibleThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, FPI grant BES2017-079971, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under contracts TIN2016-76635-C2-2-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and TIC PID2019-105660RB-C22, and the European HiPEAC Network of Excellence. The Mont-Blanc project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 671697

SynFull-RTL: evaluation methodology for RTL NoC designs

SynFull is a widely employed tool that generates realistic traffic patterns for the performance evaluation of a NoC. In this work, we identify the main limitations of SynFull: high variability and long simulation time and also that these limitations increase when SynFull is integrated with RTL designs. SynFull-RTL employs a statistical approach, simulating each application macro-phase only once and averaging according to its probability of occurrence and the measured traffic load. SynFull-RTL obtains higher accuracy than the original version and reduced variability, with observed 40× reduction in simulation time and resources. A use-case with ProSMART validates the results.This work has been supported by the Spanish Science and Technology Commission under contract PID2019-105660RB-C22 and the European HiPEAC Network of Excellence. Enrique Vallejo has been partially supported by the Ministry of Universities, Subprograma Estatal de Movilidad, grant number PRX21/00757. This work also received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements number 826647 (EPI) and 946002 (MEEP).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Creación de recursos y materiales didácticos con el uso de una impresora 3d para niños de 3 a 5 años

Este trabajo propone una guía metodológica para la creación e implementación de materiales educativos mediante impresión 3D en la primera infancia. Se utiliza el aprendizaje basado en proyectos para fomentar la creatividad y el aprendizaje lúdico. Se exploran los beneficios de la impresión 3D en el desarrollo de habilidades espaciales y perceptivas. La guía ofrece información sobre conceptos básicos, materiales, software y recursos educativosThis paper proposes a methodological guide for the creation and implementation of educational materials using 3D printing in early childhood. Project-based learning is used to foster creativity and playful learning. The benefits of 3D printing in the development of spatial and perceptual skills are explored. The guide provides information on basic concepts, materials, software and educational resources

Conceptualización y desarrollo de un videojuego RPG para PC

El proyecto abarca la creación de una idea para un videojuego, pasando por el proceso de game design, donde desarrollaremos la idea, obteniendo un guion, especificaremos el target, mecánicas del juego y que dinámicas se generaran, los flujos de partida, los controles del juego, las sensaciones a transmitir durante el juego, los personajes y su trasfondo psicológico y los distintos niveles que aparecerán durante el juego. Este proyecto también incluye la creación de una banda sonora acorde con el juego, con distintas pistas para diferentes zonas del juego o eventos. Así como un estudio del estado del mercado y la historia de los videojuegos, un análisis de las tecnologías que se han utilizado para el desarrollo del proyecto y la organización que hemos seguido en el proyecto. En la segunda parte, veremos cómo se han utilizado las tecnologías para dar forma al concepto del juego creando un motor mediante el middleware Unity 3D, con una explicación de los diferentes códigos utilizados para realizar cada part

Factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones intrahospitalarias en el Centro Médico Naval periodo enero 2002 a diciembre 2006

Describe los factores más frecuentemente asociados a infecciones intrahospitalarias en el Centro Medico Naval. Determina cuál es el agente causal más frecuente de infecciones intrahospitalarias (IIH). Se utilizó el método de muestreo no aleatorio continuo para todos los casos encontrados con infección intrahospitalaria a través de la revisión de las fichas de vigilancia y las historias clínicas de los casos notificados. La población de estudio está constituida por pacientes hospitalizados en áreas críticas del Centro Médico Naval durante el periodo enero 2002 a diciembre 2006. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y las fichas de vigilancia de IIH, de los pacientes que presenten Infección Intrahospitalaria en las áreas críticas en el periodo de estudio y la información necesaria de cada caso será recolectados mediante una ficha de recolección de datos estructurada. Encuentra de un total de 332 pacientes 157 fueron diagnosticados de Infección intrahospitalaria , 97 (61.7%) eran varones y 60 (38.2%) eran mujeres, el grupo etario más afectado los mayores de 70 años con 24.8%(39), seguido del grupo de 51 a 60 años con 17.8%(28), la gran mayoría procedente de Lima 94.9%, los servicios de mayor tasa de casos fueron cirugía varones 19.7%, gineco-obstetricia 14.1%, UCI quirúrgica 13.3%, urología 12.1% y UCI médica con 7.6%.Los gérmenes aislados fueron Escherichia coli 8.2%, Pseudomona aeruginosa 6.3%, Estafilococo aureus 3.1% y Citrobacter freundii con 3.1% ; las IIH fueron infección de herida operatoria superficial 32.4%, infección del tracto urinario 21.6%, infección respiratoria baja 11.4%.Los factores intrínsecos fueron anemia 54.8%, hipoalbuminemia 24.8%, diabetes mellitus 8.9%, neoplasias malignas 7%, insuficiencia renal crónica 5.7% . Los factores extrínsecos fueron catéter venoso periférico 87.9%, uso de bloqueadores H2 49.7%, cirugías 47.1%, sonda urinaria 44.6%, sonda naso gástrica 26.1%, catéter venoso central 17.8%. La población más afectada fueron los adultos mayores de 70 años; se observa que existe un predominio de los factores de riesgo extrínsecos es decir procedimientos invasivos en la aparición de IIH, así mismo las áreas donde se encontró mayor número de casos fueron las salas de cirugía seguido por gineco-obstetricia y cuidados intensivos. El germen más frecuentemente aislado fue la Escherichia coli en relación a la presencia de casos de Infección del tracto urinario.Trabajo académic

Multinodular Goiter’s Surgery

RESUMEN : El bocio multinodular es una enfermedad que afecta a mas de 650 millones de personas y es tan antiguo como la propia humanidad. El mecanismo etiopatogénico aún no está del todo claro, existiendo actualmente la hipótesis en la que el origen del bocio multinodular se encuentra en una interacción entre factores ambientales, genéticos e intrínsecos a la propia glándula, los cuales además determinan la historia natural y la forma de presentación clínica. El diagnóstico se basa en la exploración física y pruebas de imagen, siendo la primera de ellas la ecografía tiroidea. A pesar del empleo de numerosos tratamientos como el radioyodo o la levotiroxina, actualmente, el único tratamiento curativo es la cirugía, mediante la realización de una tiroidectomía, preferentemente total. Desde unos años atrás, numerosas técnicas se encuentran en desarrollo e implementación, con el objetivo de realizar de dicha cirugía un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, reduciendo con ello la morbilidad postoperatoria en los pacientes, ya que las complicaciones tras la cirugía pueden llegar a limitar en cierta medida la calidad de vida del paciente, como ocurre en aquellos casos en los que se produce lesión del nervio laríngeo recurrente.ABSTRACT : Multinodular goiter is a disease that affects more than 650 million people and is as old as humanity itself. The etiopathogenic mechanism is still not entirely clear and it is currently hypothesized that the origin of multinodular goiter lies in an interaction between environmental, genetic and intrinsic factors to the gland itself, which also determine the natural history and the clinical presentation. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and imaging tests, the first of which is thyroid ultrasound. Despite the use of numerous treatments such as radioiodine or levothyroxine, the only curative treatment nowadays is surgery, preferably total thyroidectomy. Since a few years ago, numerous techniques are being developed and implemented, with the aim of making this surgery a minimally invasive procedure, thus reducing postoperative morbidity in patients, since complications after surgery can limit to some extent the patient's quality of life, as in those cases in which recurrent laryngeal nerve damage occurs.Grado en Medicin